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Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab > Volume 26(1); 2021 > Article
Kum, Rho, Park, Lee, and Hwang: Factors influencing growth hormone therapy effect during the prepubertal period in small for gestational age children without catch-up growth

Abstract

Purpose

Because small for gestational age (SGA) children who fail to experience catch-up growth have an increased risk of short stature in adulthood, growth hormone (GH) treatment is recommended for effective growth. In this study, we evaluated the effect of GH treatment during the prepubertal period and analyzed for correlation between GH treatment response and clinical factors in SGA children.

Methods

A retrospective, single-center study was conducted from 2014 to 2020. A total of 34 prepubertal children of short stature up to 4 years of age and born as SGA were enrolled. We recorded clinical data including birth data, age, weight, height, bone age (BA), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels.

Results

The mean gestational age and birth weight were 37.50±2.51 weeks and 2,200.00±546.79 g. At the start of GH treatment, the mean chronological age and BA were 5.54±1.73 years and 4.52±1.85 years, respectively. The height standard deviation score (SDS) (-2.47±0.45) and IGF-1 SDS (0.16±1.57) were calculated. Height velocity was 9.43±1.40 cm during the first GH treatment year and 7.63±1.16 cm during the second year (P<0.05). The treatment growth response was positively correlated with young age (P=0.047) and lower BA (P=0.049) at the start of treatment. In multiple regression analysis, IGF-1 SDS change had a significantly positive association with GH treatment response (P=0.045).

Conclusions

GH treatment is effective for short stature SGA children who do not experience catch-up growth. Early initiation of GH treatment improved growth outcomes. As IGF-1 SDS is positively correlated with height SDS, IGF-1 monitoring is important during GH treatment of SGA prepubertal children.

Highlights

GH treatment is effective for short stature SGA prepubertal children. Early initiation of GH treatment improved growth outcomes. IGF-1 monitoring is important during GH treatment of SGA prepubertal children.

Introduction

The most common definition of small for gestational age (SGA) is a birth weight and/or length at least 2 standard deviation score (SDS) below the mean for sex and gestational age [1]. SGA is related to the risk of both long- and short-term metabolic and medical consequences. In particular, SGA children are at a higher risk of short stature in later life than those children of appropriate size for gestational age, with SGA accounting for approximately 20% of all short stature cases [2]. Most children born SGA (85%–90%) exhibit catch-up growth defined as growth velocity above the normal range, normalizing their height at 2–4 years of age [3].
Around 10% of SGA children do not undergo catch-up growth and remain short in stature during adult life [2]. The reason for this is not yet completely understood. One hypothesis suggests that failure of catch-up growth is caused by disturbances in the growth hormone (GH) axis [4,5]. During infancy, spontaneous GH secretion and circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels have been indicated to be either decreased or increased in SGA infants. These defects in the GH-IGF axis result in poor catch-up growth [6,7]. Another study found a significant positive correlation between birth weight, birth length SDS, and spontaneous catch-up growth at 2 years in SGA children [8].
Many previous studies have determined that final adult height of SGA children given GH treatment was significantly higher compared to that of untreated SGA children [9]. GH therapy is an approved treatment for increasing final adult height in short stature SGA children who do not undergo spontaneous catch-up growth and achieve a normal adult height [10]. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medical Products approved the use of GH treatment in 2003 and GH treatment for short children with SGA has been licensed for more than 10 years [11]. The aims of GH treatment are to induce safe catch-up growth and maintain normal height gain during childhood to attain a normal target height range in adulthood [12-14].
Since August 2014, GH treatment has been covered by Korean national medical insurance for short stature children born SGA without undergoing catch-up growth by 4 years of age. After Korean medical insurance approval, GH therapy for SGA children diagnosed with short stature has become much more frequent. Although many studies have found that GH treatment is an effective therapy in individuals with SGA who do not undergo catch-up growth, limited research has been conducted in Korean SGA children. In this study, we evaluated the growth effect of GH therapy for 2 years in SGA children without catch-up growth as approved by Korean medical insurance after 4 years of age. Moreover, we analyzed the predicting factors of GH treatment response for a 2-year follow-up period in Korean SGA children.

Materials and methods

1. Subjects

We retrospectively reviewed and recorded short stature SGA patients who were treated with subcutaneous GH between August 2014 and June 2020 at the Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, South Korea. A total 34 SGA patients who were given GH for a 2-year period were enrolled.
Inclusion criteria: SGA defined by birth weight and/or length at least 2 SDS below the mean for sex and gestational age below the standard reference [1]; below the 3rd percentile of height with regard to sex and age by 4 years of age [15]; patients who were at the prepubertal stage at the start of treatment and during 2-year treatment period.
Exclusion criteria: Patients who did not meet the inclusion criteria; ruling out other significant metabolic, chronic, chromosomal, and endocrinology diseases affecting appropriate growth.

2. Methods

We collected patient records including birth weight and gestational age. Measurements, including height, weight, body mass index (BMI), IGF-1 levels and bone age (BA) were checked every 6 months. BA was evaluated using the Greulich-Pyle method [16]. The measurement of height was conducted using a Harpenden stadiometer (Holtain Ltd., Crymych, UK). BMI was calculated as body mass divided by height squared (kg/m2). IGF-1 levels were measured by radioimmunoassay using polyclonal antibodies. The calculated IGF-1 SDS was based on the least mean-squares method using the specific reference for the Korean population [17]. To calculate SDS value of height, weight, and BMI, the following equation was used referencing the Box-Cox transformation (L), median (M), and coefficient of variation (S) values from growth standards for Korean children and adolescents [18]. SDS=[power (measured value/M, L)-1]/L×S.
The onset of puberty was defined as a breast development stage II according to Tanner for girls and testicular volume >4 mL for boys [19]. The initial dose of GH treatment in all patients was 0.33 mg/kg/wk. The GH dose was divided and administered 6 times a week and doses were subcutaneously injected. The GH dose was adjusted based on measured weight every 3 months during hospital visits. In addition, we regulated the GH dose for SGA patients considering growth velocity.

3. Statistical methods

To describe patient baseline characteristics, quantitative variables are presented as measurements and calculation data are presented as the mean±standard deviation (SD). Changes in height, weight, and BMI were examined using a paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The normality assumption was checked via Kolmogorov-Smirnov or Shapiro-Wilk tests. The responses of each variable on growth velocity were examined using correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis.
All of the statistical evaluations were analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics ver. 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). A significant statistical P-value was regarded as less than 0.05.

Results

1. Baseline characteristics

Table 1 reports the clinical baseline characteristics of short stature SGA children who were administered GH treatment. In the study, 34 children participated, of which 59% were boys. The mean gestational age was 37.50±2.51 weeks and the mean birth weight was 2,200.00±546.79 g. The number of premature infants, defined as gestational age under 37 weeks, was 8 out of 34 (24%) SGA children. At the beginning of GH therapy, the mean chronological age (CA) was 5.54±1.73 years and the mean BA was 4.52±1.85 years. Additionally, the calculated height SDS and IGF-1 SDS were -2.47±0.45 and 0.16±1.57, respectively. The mean GH dose was 0.27 mg/kg/wk for the 2-year period.

2. Clinical and laboratory changes during GH treatment for 2 years

After the first year of GH treatment, the mean height increases were 9.43±1.40 cm and after the next year of GH treatment, they were 7.63±1.16 cm (P<0.05). The total height change was 17.06±1.84 cm over the 2-year GH therapy regimen. Weight was gradually increased and IGF-1 levels (P<0.05) also increased after the first year of GH treatment with a smaller increase after the following treatment year. The mean height SDS change value (ΔHt SDS) increased 0.84±0.27 cm after the first year of GH therapy (P<0.05) and 0.42±0.19 cm after the following year (P<0.05). During the 2-year GH treatment, the total height SDS increased 1.26±0.33 cm. Additionally, the weight SDS value increase was significantly correlated with the 2-year GH treatment (P<0.05) (Figs. 1, 2). As each height and weight value increased, the BMI SDS value was not significantly altered between initiation and after the 2-year intervention.

3. Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis between GH treatment response (ΔHt SDS) and clinical factors

Significant correlation factors of the GH treatment response (ΔHt SDS) for SGA children who failed to undergo catch-up growth were CA (P=0.047) and BA (P=0.049) at the initiation of GH treatment. Although we regarded variable predicting factors including GA, birth weight, and initial SDS parameters (height, weight, BMI, and IGF-1), there were no significant correlations other than those for BA and CA at the initiation of GH therapy. The BA or CA and the mean height SDS change had a negative significant correlation (Table 2). The mean GH dose (P=0.028) and change value in IGF-1 SDS (P=0.012) had a significantly positive correlation with response to GH treatment (ΔHt SDS) over the 2 years (Table 2). In multiple regression analysis for influencing factors of GH treatment response, only IGF-1 SDS change value (β=0.047, P=0.041) was significantly associated with response to GH treatment (Table 3).

Discussion

According to our analysis, GH therapy has a significant effect in SGA children with short stature who do not undergo catch-up growth. Particularly, height SDS in the first year of GH treatment showed significant growth compared with the second year. Additionally, both CA and BA were significant correlation factors of GH treatment response in SGA children. We predict better growth responses with early GH therapy. As the IGF-1 SDS value is positively correlated with ΔHt SDS, monitoring IGF-1 levels is important to GH treatment outcomes for a 2-year follow-up in SGA prepubertal children.
The mean GH treatment initiation age was 5.54±1.73 years in our study, which is similar to another Korean GH therapy study. In a recent multicenter study, at the beginning of GH treatment, the median age of GH therapy in Korean SGA children was 6.66 years in a 5-year analysis [20]. Due to Korean medical insurance covering short stature SGA children after 4 years of age, the majority of Korean study results showed that the mean initial age was over 4 years. Another previous study also showed that the CA at the beginning of treatment ranged from 7.9 to 10.7 years [9]. However, there have been a select number of studies that have analyzed the GH treatment response of SGA children who were younger than 4 years of age. Boguszewski et al. [21] reported that GH treatment significantly increased growth velocity in 2-to 4-year-old children over 3 years.
In our study, the first GH treatment year exhibited greater improvement in growth velocity. The mean growth velocity was sustained above 7 cm for the initial year until the second year and then down to 5.3–5.74 cm gradually over 4 years in a Korean study [20]. Another study has shown that the height velocity for short stature SGA children was observed at 8.3 cm per year, in addition to significant improvements in height SDS over the first treatment year [22]. In most studies, a significant increase in growth velocity has been shown, and it was more marked in the first year of GH treatment [23]. In our study, height velocity in the first year was 9.43±1.40 cm, and in the second year it was 7.63±1.16 cm. The height SDS increased 0.84±0.27 in the first year and 0.42±0.19 in the second year. Dahlgren et al. [24] reported a height SDS increase of 1.3 from the start of GH therapy to the final height outcome in SGA children.
In an attempt to analyze the factors influencing GH response, several studies have revealed that specific patient factors including birth weight, sex, and gestation age may have a significant correlation with GH treatment response. On the other hand, some studies have reported mixed results on the factors that influence GH therapy in SGA children. Meazza et al. [25] showed that birth size and birth weight are important factors affecting response to GH therapy during the first 5 years of treatment. However, according to de Kort et al. [26], there was no difference between term and preterm SGA infants in growth response to GH therapy. In our study, response was not related to birth weight or gestational age. Although we do not completely understand these differing results, they may be due to the varied study population size.
Additional studies have shown significant growth outcomes related to beginning GH treatment for a longer duration and at an earlier age in prepubertal children. Lower baseline height SDS and younger age at baseline were significant factors that affect improved height SDS after 4 years of GH therapy. Earlier GH therapy initiation is related to improved response in growth increases. Despite some height loss during puberty, younger age at GH therapy initiation results in improved adult height results [27,28]. Ranke et al. investigated predicting factors in SGA individuals and stated that weight SDS at the start and GH dose had a positive relation and the age at the beginning of therapy had a negative relation. In another Swedish study, a regression model for adult height SDS showed that height SDS at the initiation of GH therapy is positively related and age at the initiation is negatively related [24,29]. Moreover, de Ridder et al. [30] demonstrated that height SDS at the beginning of treatment, target height SDS, GH dose, and CA-BA at the beginning of treatment all have a positive correlation with treatment outcomes, and IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) SDS at the beginning of treatment was a negative significant determinant factor. Additionally, IGF-1 level is demonstrated to have an inverse correlation in childhood with growth factors independently [31]. Although some factors were not significant, our study results were similar to those of other previous studies. Target SDS and IGFBP-3 levels were not included in our study; therefore, further investigation of these factors will be required.
Previous studies have demonstrated that GH dose was one of the most important predictors of growth response. In these studies, the GH dose positively correlated with height SDS change. However, Van Pareren et al. [10] reported that even though each patient group underwent treatment with a daily dose of 33 or 66 μg/kg, there was no difference in adult height. Whether higher doses contribute to an increased growth response is still uncertain, as some investigators found that higher GH dose has a positive influence on the growth response curve, but others demonstrated similar responses with a lower dose. In recent years, the effect of a larger dosage on IGF-1 production has been of interest. Increased IGF-1 levels are positively associated with height increase in prepubertal children [32]. Kappelgaard et al. [33] showed a positive relationship between IGF-1 SDS level and height SDS increase, suggesting it is an important factor for monitoring a patient’s GH therapy response. In the present study, IGF-1 SDS change and mean GH dose had a significantly positive correlation with height SDS increases. Although mean GH dose was positively correlated with height SDS increase, the starting GH dose in all children was approximately 0.33 mg/kg/week and adjusted within the similar range of initial dose according to growth velocity. Because GH dose differences were not associated with a meaningful difference in treatment effect, it is difficult to conclude that there is a correlation between GH dose and GH treatment effect. IGF-1 SDS increase was associated with increased growth gain in GH treatment in SGA prepubertal children with short stature. Moreover, in multiple regression analysis, IGF-1 SDS change was a significant factor in GH treatment effect. IGF-1 level monitoring may be necessary to evaluate GH response.
Since this study was a retrospective single-center study including a limited number of patients, larger prospective studies are required. Appropriate sample size and power should be considered. Due to the limited patient population, we selected only a few variable factors and, therefore, could not consider all associated factors. Moreover, Rapaport et al. [34] showed that GH-sufficient SGA children exhibited better improvement in height SDS than those with idiopathic GH deficiency. This result demonstrates, depending on GH status, variability in accordance with GH treatment among SGA patients. However, another study recommend that because the GH stimulation test appears to be of little value in determining the response to GH therapy, GH stimulation testing is not required to identify candidates for GH therapy among children born with SGA who fail to achieve catch-up growth [35]. As evaluating GH stimulation test results was not our study aim, we could not compare sufficient and/or deficient GH status among our patients. Furthermore, our study could not investigate adverse events including insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and thyroid function during treatment follow-up; therefore, further analysis is required for these potential side effects.
In conclusion, this study demonstrated that GH treatment is effective for prepubertal children without catch-up growth who are born SGA. Additionally, we predict better growth outcomes with earlier initiation of GH therapy. The strength of our study is that the overall influencing factors of the GH treatment period were analyzed rather than the respective evaluation of GH treatment in response to birth data, initiation, and treatment duration. Moreover, we determined that IGF-1 monitoring can predict effective height growth even without a high dose of GH and that IGF-1 level monitoring is important in GH treatment follow-up for short stature SGA prepubertal children. As GH treatment in SGA children diagnosed with short stature is increasingly applied, large-scale and long-term studies including final adult heights are needed to develop appropriate GH treatment strategies for short stature SGA children who without catch-up growth in Korea.

Notes

Ethical statement

This study was conducted in accordance with the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki and applicable regulations. The Institutional Review Board of the medical center examined and approved the study protocol (AJIRB-MED-MDB-19-577).

Conflicts of interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Fig. 1.
The change in velocity of clinical and laboratory values during growth hormone treatment for 2 years. *P<0.05, significant treatment difference for first year compared to second year. SDS, standard deviation score.
apem-2040096-048f1.jpg
Fig. 2.
Clinical and laboratory SDS change values during growth hormone treatment for 2 years. *P<0.05, significant treatment difference for to first year compared baseline. #P<0.05, significant treatment difference for second year compared to baseline.
apem-2040096-048f2.jpg
Table 1.
Clinical baseline characteristics of growth hormone treatment in SGA children
Characteristic Value
At birth
 Sex, male : female 20:14
 Gestational age (wk) 37.50±2.51
 Birth weight (g) 2,200.00±546.79
At start of GH
 Age (yr) 5.54±1.73
 BA (yr) 4.52±1.85
 BA/CA 0.81±0.11
 Height (cm), (SDS) -2.47±0.45
 Weight (kg), (SDS) -2.73±1.22
 BMI (kg/m2), (SDS) -1.29±1.32
 IGF-1 (ng/mL), (SDS) 0.16±1.57
During GH treatment
 Mean GH dose 2 yr (mg/wk/kg) 0.27±0.05
 ΔIGF-1SDS 1.45±2.20

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation unless otherwise indicated.

SGA, small for gestational age; GH, growth hormone; BA, bone age; CA, chronologic age; BMI, body mass index; IGF-1, insulin-like growth hormone factor 1; SDS, standard deviation score.

Table 2.
The analysis of correlation between growth hormone treatment response (ΔHt SDS) and clinical factors
Category R value P-value
At birth
 Gestational age -0.037 0.836
 Birth weight 0.092 0.605
At initiation of GH
 CA -0.343 0.047*
 BA -0.341 0.049*
 BA/CA -0.920 0.605
 Height SDS 0.006 0.973
 Weight SDS 0.295 0.090
 BMI SDS 0.290 0.090
 IGF-1 SDS -0.163 0.357
During GH treatment
 Mean GH dose 2 yr 0.377 0.028*
 ΔIGF-1 SDS 2 yr 0.425 0.012*

SDS, standard deviation score; GH, growth hormone; CA, chronologic age; BA, bone age; BMI, body mass index; IGF-1, insulin-like growth hormone factor 1; SDS, standard deviation score.

* P<0.05, significant difference.

Table 3.
Multiple regression analysis for associated factors of GH treatment response (ΔHt SDS)
Category Unstandardized coefficient Β SE β P-value
CA -0.0 60 0.089 -0.032 0.947
BA -0.0 35 0.089 -0.201 0.669
Mean GH dose 2 yr 0.6 15 0.362 0.276 0.100
ΔIGF-1 SDS 2 yr 0.0 47 0.023 0.331 0.045*

GH, growth hormone; SDS, standard deviation score; SE, standard error; CA, chronologic age; BA, bone age; IGF-1, insulin-like growth hormone factor 1.

* P<0.05, significant difference.

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