Introduction
Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a glycoprotein that binds to sex hormones such as androgens and estrogens1). Most of SHBG bind over 97% of testosterone and estradiol (E2)2). When checking serum E2, a total level includes free and bound forms. A free estradiol index (FEI) expresses the ratio of E2 to SHBG and can be used to summarize the activity of free forms of E2. Thus, the concentration of SHBG is a major constituent regulating distribution of sex hormones between the protein-bound and free states3), and the bioavailability of sex hormones is influenced by the level of SHBG4).
It is known that various conditions with low SHBG include hypothyroidism, Cushing syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, diabetes and obesity5). The level of SHBG was high in girls with premature thelarche6). Low levels of SHBG at menarche have been reported in girls with constitutionally delayed puberty7). The oral contraceptive containing ethinylestradiol administration increases SHBG level8). Early childhood is characterized by high levels of SHBG with a gradual decline as puberty approaches9,10).
SHBG might have important role in the progress of precocious puberty, but few studies evaluated the relationship in girls with precocious puberty. The first aim of this study was to evaluate the association between sex hormones and SHBG in girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty. We compared the difference of SHBG between peak luteinizing hormone (LH)≥5 group and LH<5 group through gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test. Second, we investigated the relationship between weight, lipid profiles and SHBG.
Materials and methods
A total of 109 girls with pubertal development aged under 8 years at Gangnam Severance Hospital were included in this study from January 2010 to August 2011. We reviewed the records of all the girls with premature sexual development who underwent GnRH stimulation tests retrospectively. The inclusion criteria for this study were objective breast budding before the age of 8 years, more than Tanner stage 2 by one pediatric endocrinologist and advanced bone age over the chronological age. The subjects with an identified etiology, such as brain tumor or hypoxic damage, were excluded.
Height was measured by a stadiometer (Harpenden Ltd., Crymych, UK) to the nearest 0.1 cm. Weight was measured on a digital scale with a precision of 0.1 kg (SECA, model 707). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kilograms) divided by height (meters) squared.
The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis was investigated by GnRH stimulation test. Basal serum samples were obtained prior to the GnRH (100 µg Relefact; Sanofi-Aventis, Frankfurt, Germany) injection. Post stimulation samples for measurements of LH, FSH, and E2 levels were acquired at 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after the GnRH injection. Serum LH and FSH levels were measured by immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) with analytical sensitivity of 0.2 IU/L (BioSource, Nivelles, Belgium). The E2 levels were determined by radioimmunoassay with analytical sensitivity of 5 pg/mL (RIA; Coat-A-Count, Diagnostic Products, Los Angeles, CA, USA). SHBG was determined by a immunofluorescence assay (Delfia, Wallac Oy, Turku, Finland). FEI was calculated by dividing the serum E2 level by the serum SHBG level and multiplying by 100. A peak LH of at least 5 IU/L was used as the cutoff criteria for pubertal response through the GnRH stimulation test.
Data were analyzed by the SAS 9.1 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Two sample t test or Mann-Whitney U test were performed to compare the clinical parameters of the subjects in between groups. Pearson correlation for SHBG and peak LH was examined. To determine significant association with pubertal response, linear regression was performed with univariate and multivariate analysis. Significance was determined as P<0.05.
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Yonsei University Gangnam Severance Hospital (IRB number 3-2011-0314). Written informed consent was exempted from all subjects as well as their parents.
Results
Baseline patient characteristics between peak LH≥5 (group 1) and LH<5 (group 2) through GnRH stimulation tests are shown in Table 1. BMI standard deviation score (SDS) was higher in group 2 than group 1 (P=0.004). Serum E2 and SHBG levels were not different in both group. FEI were not higher in group 1 (P=0.122). Serum cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were not different, however, triglycerides levels were higher in group 2 (P=0.023).
From the analysis of Pearson correlation in group 1, SHBG was negatively correlated with bone age (BA) advancement, BMI, BMI SDS, FEI, and positively with HDL (Table 2). However, SHBG was not correlated with E2 and peak LH.
Table 3 shows association between peak LH and measurements in group 1 through multiple regression analysis. BA, BMI SDS, FEI, cholesterol, triglycerides and SHBG did not show significant correlation with peak LH. We performed multivariate logistic regression of variables associated with peak LH and calculated odds ratio (Table 4). BA advancement, BMI SDS, cholesterol, triglycerides and SHBG did not show significant results.
Discussion
1. Association between sex hormones and SHBG in girls with precocious puberty
In the present study, the SHBG levels were not higher in pubertal response group than nonpubertal response group, and SHBG did not show significant correlation with peak LH. There are various studies about conditions influencing levels of SHBG. It decreases with high levels of insulin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1, androgens and prolactin5,11). High estrogen and thyroxine cause it to increase8). From this point of view, it seemed to be appropriate that the levels of SHBG might increase in girls with precocious puberty. However, Sorensen et al.4) showed that 25 girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty had lower levels of SHBG at diagnosis compared with controls. The study showed that the low SHBG levels decreased further during the 24-month with GnRH agonist treatment for central precocious puberty, and no tendency toward normalization was observed4).
The levels of SHBG in girls with central precocious puberty are not uniform like this. It is unclear how SHBG is associated with sex hormones in precocious puberty. We can consider various factors affecting SHBG levels in girls during puberty. First, alteration of the androgen-estrogen balance during precocious pubertal development can affect the levels of SHBG12). The subtle decreases in plasma SHBG levels during puberty have a perceptible effect on the androgen-estrogen balance5). Second, changes in body mass and composition are also major determinants of plasma SHBG levels, particularly in girls during puberty13,14). It might be confounding factors that BMI SDS was higher in nonpubertal response group in this study.
2. Association between weight, lipid profiles and SHBG in pubertal response group
SHBG was negatively correlated with weight, BMI, BMI SDS, and positively with HDL in pubertal response group. Our results coincide with previous reports. In women, low circulating SHBG was found to be associated with an increased accumulation of abdominal fat and body fat mass15,16). There are various studies that plasma level of SHBG has emerged as one of the most important correlates of obesity-related metabolic complications17). Reduced SHBG level in women has also been associated with an adverse blood lipid profile, including reduced HDL cholesterol18,19). Furthermore, low circulating SHBG was associated with glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, as well as with the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in women18,20). The observed correlations might support the hypothesis that SHBG might have roles associated with obesity related risk factors in girls with precocious puberty, however, few studies evaluated the relationship.
This study has several limitations. First, the present study is the just cross-sectional study with small sample size. The total number of patients was 109, and the number of pubertal response group was only 54. Future studies of the effects of SHBG on the development and progression of precocious puberty should include large data through longitudinal study. Second, our data did not include other associated factors, such as insulin. Insulin is a potent inhibitor of SHBG, and SHBG might be a marker of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance5,21). More accurate analysis including various hormones should be needed to identify the relationship between precocious puberty and obesity.
In conclusion, serum SHBG itself might not be associated with precocious puberty in girls, but it might be related with weight, BMI and lipid profiles. Large number of longitudinal studies are needed to reveal relationship between sex hormone and obesity in precocious puberty.
PDF Links
PubReader
ePub Link
XML Download
Full text via DOI
Full text via PMC
Download Citation
Print
